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上海枫泾古镇正门_20240824上海枫泾古镇正门_20240824
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大模型合成数据:信息增益是关键

AIxiv 专栏

2024 年 10 月 15 日

引言

随着大语言模型 (LLMs) 的迅速发展,其后训练阶段对于高质量特定领域数据的需求日益增长。然而,现实世界中获取这类数据往往成本高昂且耗时。合成数据作为一种可行的解决方案,近年来备受关注。尽管合成数据生成方法层出不穷,但其背后的理论机制仍存在着许多未解之谜。来自中国人民大学的刘勇团队近期发表了一篇论文,深入探究了合成数据在 LLM 后训练任务中的作用机制,并揭示了信息增益在提升模型泛化能力中的关键作用。

合成数据:信息增益驱动泛化能力

该团队首先对当前流行的合成数据生成过程进行了数学建模,将这一过程抽象为对生成模型输出分布的压缩。在此基础上,他们证明了后训练模型的泛化能力与生成模型带来的信息增益密切相关。

反向瓶颈视角

论文提出了一个全新的 “反向瓶颈” 视角,从信息论的角度解释了合成数据的作用机制。传统的信息瓶颈理论认为,模型应该尽可能地压缩输入数据,以提取关键信息。而合成数据则反其道而行之,通过生成模型扩展了原始数据的分布,为模型提供了更丰富的任务相关信息。

互信息泛化增益 (GGMI)

为了量化信息增益与泛化能力之间的关系,论文引入了互信息泛化增益 (GGMI) 的概念。GGMI 指的是生成模型输出与目标任务之间的互信息,它反映了合成数据对模型泛化能力的贡献程度。

理论基础与应用价值

该研究为合成数据的应用提供了坚实的理论基础,并为合成数据生成技术的设计和后训练过程的优化提供了新的理解。通过深入理解信息增益在合成数据中的作用,研究人员可以设计出更有效的合成数据生成方法,以提升 LLM 在各种任务中的性能和泛化能力。

结论

刘勇团队的研究成果为合成数据的理论研究和应用实践提供了重要的参考。他们的研究表明,信息增益是合成数据提升模型泛化能力的关键因素。未来,随着对合成数据机制的深入理解,我们可以期待更强大的 LLM 模型,以及更广泛的合成数据应用场景。

参考文献

[1] Kaplan, J., et al. Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08202 (2020).

[2] Touvron, J., et al. Llama:Open and Efficient Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971 (2023).

[3] Peng, B., et al. Falcon: A Large Language Model for Research and Deployment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.14672 (2023).

[4] Qwen-7B: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Qwen-7B. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.07300 (2023).

[5] OpenAI. GPT-4 Technical Report. (2023).

[6] Zhang, Y., et al. Synthetic Data Augmentation for Text Classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.09059 (2020).

[7] Zou, J., et al. Data Augmentation for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation with Synthetic Data. arXivpreprint arXiv:2105.02223 (2021).

[8] Hu, J., et al. Synthetic Data Generation for Machine Learning: A Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.08075 (2023).

[9] Liu, Y., et al. Towards a Theoretical Understanding of Synthetic Data in LLM Post-Training: A Reverse-Bottleneck Perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.01720 (2024).

[10] Liu, Y., et al. Understanding the Role ofInformation Gain in Synthetic Data Generation for LLM Post-Training. (2024).

[11] Liu, Y., et al. A Mathematical Framework for Understanding Synthetic Data in LLM Post-Training. (2024).


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