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伤心的草原:牲畜分了,牧民却吃不上草原牛肉了(上)

引言

内蒙古草原曾是广袤无垠的绿色海洋,牧民们世代在这片土地上放牧,过着与自然和谐共处的日子。然而,随着上世纪80年代家庭联产承包责任制的推行,草原的命运发生了翻天覆地的变化。牲畜被平分给个人,牧民们虽然分得了“小而全”的牲畜,却也面临着无法完成种群繁衍的困境,被迫扩大畜牧规模,最终导致草场退化,牧民们却依然吃不上草原牛肉。这究竟是为什么?

承包制度下的“小而全”:草原生态的悲剧

1984年,内蒙古草原开始实施家庭联产承包责任制,牲畜被平均分配给个人。然而,草原上的牲畜都是成群的,每群必须保持一定数量才能正常生存和繁衍。平均分配打破了原有的畜群结构,导致许多牧民分到的牲畜数量过少,无法完成种群的繁衍。

“我们知道牲畜平分给个人会出问题,但为了公平,什么都顾不得了。”丹增,锡林郭勒盟苏尼特左旗某嘎查书记,回忆起当时的情景,语气中充满了无奈。

为了维持正常生产,许多牧民不得不将无法放牧的马和骆驼卖掉,只留下绵羊和山羊。草原上原本的五畜结构被打破,生态平衡遭到破坏。

被迫扩大畜牧规模:草原不堪重负

由于承包制度导致的牲畜数量过少,无法支撑一家人的生活,牧民们被迫扩大畜牧规模。阿拉善盟腾格里苏木的那仁满都拉说:“因为牲畜太少了,到个人手里没办法生活。大概也就是三五年时间畜群就发展起来了,特别快,还有些人从外头买牲畜进来。”

短短几年时间,草原上的牲畜数量大幅增加,给草场带来了巨大的压力。草场退化,牧民们却依然吃不上草原牛肉,甚至出现了返贫现象。

“畜群点”的增加:放牧压力的放大

承包制度不仅导致了牲畜数量的增加,还改变了放牧的模式。原本的“畜群点”由几家人联合组成,现在变成了每家一个点。这使得放牧压力进一步加大,加剧了草场退化。

结语

承包制度的初衷是为了提高牧民的生产积极性,但它却带来了意想不到的负面影响。草原生态的恶化,牧民生活水平的下降,都与承包制度下的“小而全”和被迫扩大畜牧规模有着密切的联系。

下一篇文章将继续探讨承包制度对草原生态的影响,以及牧民们在草原退化面前的无奈和挣扎。

参考文献

  • 韩念勇主编:《草原的逻辑》(第一辑)
  • 食物天地人|微信公众号

注: 本文节选自韩念勇主编的《草原的逻辑》(第一辑),因原文较长,故分成上下两篇推送,本文为上篇。


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