近期，国家疾病预防控制局发布了《关于加强2024年汛期血吸虫病防控工作的通知》，强调了在即将到来的汛期，公众应警惕血吸虫病的潜在威胁，特别是防控急性血吸虫病的发病与暴发流行。中国疾病预防控制中心及湖南省疾病预防控制中心等权威机构也向公众发出预警，强调在汛期期间，需格外注意预防血吸虫感染。
血吸虫病是一种由血吸虫引起的经水传播的人畜共患寄生虫病。感染途径主要是人体接触了含有血吸虫尾蚴的水体，即“疫水”。尾蚴是吸虫纲某些动物末期幼虫的形态，其分泌的酶能够溶解人体皮肤，随后钻入皮肤，导致感染。血吸虫病如不及时治疗，将对肝脏等器官造成严重损害，症状包括肝脾肿大、腹水等，民间俗称“大肚子病”。
中南大学基础医学院医学寄生虫学系的黄帅钦副教授解释，血吸虫的生命周期包括人畜体内的发育成熟、交配、产卵，以及卵通过粪便排出至水体，孵化为毛蚴。毛蚴遇到钉螺时，会主动侵入螺体，产生尾蚴并从螺体逸出，最终浮于水体表面，等待接触人体。一旦人体皮肤接触到这些尾蚴，即有感染血吸虫的风险。
面对血吸虫病的威胁，疾控部门提出了多项预防措施。首先，不接触疫水是预防的关键。在汛期，人们应尽量避免在可能含有血吸虫尾蚴的水域进行捕鱼、游泳、洗澡等行为。如需接触疫水，建议涂抹防蚴灵等防护药膏，穿戴胶靴、手套、裤等防护用品，或在医生指导下预防性服药。一旦接触疫水后出现发热等症状，应及时就医。
此外，饮用含有血吸虫尾蚴的生水也是感染途径之一。疾控中心建议，应避免饮用生水，确保饮水安全。临时用水可通过加入漂白精或漂白粉等消毒剂进行处理，确保水质安全。对于必须饮用的水，应煮沸后再饮用，以彻底杀灭可能存在的病原体。
疾控部门还强调，疫苗开发是消除血吸虫病的重要研究方向。尽管全球至今尚未有血吸虫病疫苗上市，但相关研究工作正积极进行中。未来，疫苗的应用有望成为预防血吸虫病的有效手段之一。
总之，在汛期这一高风险时期，公众应提高自我保护意识，遵循疾控部门的指导，采取有效措施预防血吸虫感染，确保健康安全度过汛期。
英语如下：
### Flood Season Alert: Vigilance Against Schistosomiasis Risk
In light of the approaching flood season, the National Health Commission has issued a notification emphasizing the need for heightened awareness of schistosomiasis risk, particularly in preventing outbreaks of acute schistosomiasis. Authorities from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) and the Hunan CDC have also issued warnings, urging the public to take extra precautions against schistosomiasis during the flood season.
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by schistosomes, transmitted through water. Human infection occurs primarily when the skin comes into contact with water containing schistosome cercariae, or the free-swimming stage of the parasite. These cercariae penetrate the skin, leading to infection. Untreated schistosomiasis can cause severe damage to organs such as the liver, manifesting in symptoms like hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, colloquially known as the “big belly disease.”
Professor Huang Shuaiqin from the Department of Medical Parasitology at the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, explains that the schistosome life cycle includes development, mating, egg laying, and egg excretion into water through feces. These eggs, known as miracidia, become cercariae when they encounter the snail host, where they develop into mature cercariae that exit the snail and rise to the water surface, waiting to infect humans upon contact. Infection occurs when the skin of a human comes into contact with these cercariae.
To combat the threat of schistosomiasis, health authorities have outlined several preventive measures. The key is to avoid contact with infected water. During the flood season, it is advisable to refrain from activities such as fishing, swimming, or bathing in potentially contaminated waters. If contact with infected water is necessary,涂抹防蚴膏, wearing protective gear such as boots, gloves, and pants, or taking prophylactic medication under a doctor’s guidance can help prevent infection. Immediate medical attention should be sought if symptoms like fever occur after exposure to infected water.
Drinking water containing schistosome cercariae is another route of infection. The CDC advises against drinking raw water and stresses the importance of ensuring water safety. Temporary water sources can be treated with disinfectants such as bleach or chlorinated powder to ensure safety. For water that must be consumed, it is recommended to boil it to eliminate any potential pathogens.
The health authorities also highlight that vaccine development is a critical research direction in the fight against schistosomiasis. Although there is currently no schistosomiasis vaccine available worldwide, active research is being conducted. The application of vaccines in the future is expected to become an effective means of preventing schistosomiasis.
In summary, during this high-risk flood season, the public should enhance their self-protection awareness, follow the guidance of health authorities, and take effective measures to prevent schistosomiasis infection, ensuring health and safety throughout the season.
【来源】http://www.chinanews.com/life/2024/07-23/10255570.shtml
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